Biology Questions and Answers Form 4 - Biology Form Four Notes

ii) List some characteristics which are inherited

iii)State the importance of genetics

b) i) Explain the meaning of the following terms

Heredity

Trait

Gene

Allele

Chromosomes

DNA

ii) List the types of chromosomes

c) i) What is variation?

ii) State the causes of variation in organisms

iii) Name the types of variation

iv) Explain the following terms

Acquired characteristics

Genotype

Phenotype

Dominant gene (character)

Recessive gene

Homozygous

Heterozygous

F1 and F2

d) i) Explain Mendels first law of inheritance

ii) Give an example of this law

iii) What is monohybrid inheritance?

i) What is complete dominance?

ii) Give an example of co dominance

In a certain plant species, some individual plants may have only white, red or pink flowers. In an experiment a plant with white flowers was crossed with a parent with red flowers. Show results of Fl generation. Use letter R for red gene and W for white gene.

If the plants form F1 were selfed, work out the phenotype ratio for the F2 generation Phenotypic ratio 1 red:2 pink: 1 white

Genotypic ratio 1:2:1

f) i) What is a test cross?

OR

ii) State the importance of a test cross in genetics

iii) What are multiple alleles?

example is blood group which can be determined by any two of three alleles i.e. A,B and O

iv) Explain the inheritance of ABO blood groups

ii) Explain the inheritance of Rhesus factor (Rh) in human beings

people who have Rh antigen are Rh(+ve) while those without Rh antigen in their blood are Rh(-ve)

recessive the result is as shown below

Let the gene for dominant Rh factor be R while gene for recessive be r

iii) How is sex determined in human beings .

chromosome

g) i) What does the term linkage mean?

- These are genes which occur together on a chromosome and are passed to offspring without being separated ii) Define the term sex-linked genes

iii) What is meant by the term sex linkage?

iv) Name the sex-linked traits in humans

v) Give an example of a sex linked trait in humans on:

Y Chromosome

X Chromosome

vi) In humans red-green colour blindness is caused by a recessive gene C, which is sex- linked. A normal man married to a carrier Woman transmits the trait to his children. Show the possible genotypes of the children.

Let C represent the gene for normal colour vision (dominant)

Let c represent the gene for colour blindness

Parental phenotype Norman man x carrier woman

iv) State the importance of sex linkage

possible to determine sex of day old chicks

v) Haemophilia is due to a recessive gene. The gene is sex-linked and located on the x chromosome. The figure below shows sworn offspring from phenotypically normal parents

What are the parental genotypes?

Work out the genotypes of the offspring

h) i) What is mutation?

ii) Describe how mutations arise

iii)State the factors that may cause mutation

Radiations Effects

X-rays gene/chromosome alteration

Ultra violet rays structural distortion of DNA

Chemicals Effect

colchicines prevents spindle formation

Cyclamate chromosome aberrations

Mustard gas chromosomes aberrations

Nitrous acid adenine in DNA is deaminated so behaves like guanine

Acridone orange addition and removal of bases of DNA

Formaldehyde

iv) State the characteristics of mutations

v) Explain chromosomal mutation

- Change in nature, structure or number of chromosomes

vi) Explain how the following types of chromosomal mutations occur

Duplication

Inversion

Deletion

Translocation

Non-disjuntion

Polyploidy

vii) What are gene mutations?

i) Explain how the following occur during gene mutation

Deletion

Inversion

Insertion

Substitution

ii) Name the disorders in humans caused by gene mutation

I. State the practical applications of genetics

i. Breeding programmes (research)

ii. Genetic engineering

iii. Law

- legal questions of paternity knowledge of blood groups or blood transfusion

iv) Genetic counseling

v) Others

- Pre-sex determination

Understanding human evolution and origin of other species.

2. a) i) Explain the meaning of evolution

ii) Differentiate organic evolution from chemical evolution as theories of origin of life

iii) What is special creation?

b) Discuss the various kinds of evidence for evolution

i) Fossils

ii) Comparative anatomy

iii) Comparative embryology

iii) Comparative serology/physiology

iv) Geographical distribution

as a result of continental drift isolation of organisms occurred bring about different patterns of evolution

Examples

vi) Cell biology (cytology)

c) i) State the evolutionary characteristics that adopt human beings to the environment

- Brain

- Eyes

- Upright posture/bipedal locomotion

- prehensible arm/hand

- Speech

ii) State the ways in which Homo sapiens differs from Homo habilis

d) i) Explain Larmarck’s theory of evolution

- Inheritance of acquired characteristics/environment induces production of a favorable trait which is then inherited

ii) Explain why Lamarck’s theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today

- evidence does not support Lamarck’s theory

- acquired characteristics are not inherited/inherited characteristics are found in reproductive cells only

iii) Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution

- inheritance of genetically acquired characteristics

- a character happens to appear spontaneously which gives advantage to an organism therefore adapted then inherited through natural selection

e) i) What is natural selection?

- Organisms with certain characteristics are favoured by the environment

Such organisms tend to survive and produce viable offspring

Others not favored are eliminated from subsequent generations

ii) With examples, explain how natural selection takes place

- organism with certain characteristics are favored by their environment

- such organisms tend to survive and produce viable offspring

- others not favored are eliminated from subsequent generations

- as the environmental conditions change the survival value of a character may alter with time so that characteristics which were favored may no longer have advantage and other characters may then become favorable

- if a favorable character is inherited, then offspring produce generations which are better adapted to survive in a population

- more offspring are produced than can survive which results in struggle for survival - the fittest survive

iii) State the advantages of natural selection to organisms

- assist to eliminate disadvantageous characteristics/perpetuates advantageous characteristics

- allows better adapted organisms to survive adverse changes in the environment/less adapted organisms are eliminated

iv) State the ways in which sexual reproduction is important in the evolution of plants and animals

- brings about useful variations/desirable characters

- variations make offspring better adapted for survival/more resistant to diseases

- may lead to origin of new species

v) Explain the significance of mutation in evolution

- Mutation bring about variation which can be inherited

- Some of these variations are advantageous to the organism

- Others are disadvantageous

- The advantageous variations favour the organism to compete better in the struggle for survival

- This results into a more adapted organism to its environment or new species/varieties

- Those with disadvantageous characters will be discriminated against therefore eliminated from the population/death/perish

vi) Plain why it is only mutations in genes of gametes that influence evolution

- gametes form the new offspring

vii) How would you prove that evolution is still taking place?

- resistance of organism to antibiotics, pesticides and drugs

- new varieties of bacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics such as penicillin

- houseflies and mosquitoes are resistant to DDT

vii) Explain why some bacteria develop resistance to a drug after they have bee subjected to it for some time

- bacteria mutates/develops a new strain/chemical composition is altered hence is able to produce enzymes/chemicals which degrade the drug rendering it non-susceptible to the drug

- the new strain is favoured by selection pressure natural selection

f) How has industrial melaninism i.e. peppered moth contributed towards the mechanism of evolution

- This is an example of natural selection

- The peppered moth exists in two distinct forms, the speckled white form (normal form) and a melanic form (the black/dark)

- They usually rest on leaves and barks of trees that offer camouflage for protection

- Originally the “speckled white” form predominated the unpolluted area of England

- This colouration offered protection against predatory birds

- Due to industrial pollution tree barks have blackened with soot

- The white form underwent mutation

- A black variety/mutant emerged suddenly by mutation

- It had selective advantage over the white forms that were predated upon in the industrial areas

- The speckled white form is abundant in areas without soot/smoke

3. a) i) Define irritability, stimulus and response irritability

-also called sensitivity

- Responsiveness to change in environment

Stimulus

A change in the environment of organism which causes change in organism’s activity

Response

- change in activity of an organism caused by a stimulus

ii) State importance of irritability to living organisms

- Adjusting to environmental conditions. Sensitive/defect/responding

iii) List the examples of external stimuli to organisms

- air/oxygen (aero)

- light(photo)

- osmotic pressure (osmo)

- current (Rheo)

- chemical concentration (chemo)

- \water/moisture (hydro)

- Touch/contact (hapto/thigmo)

- Gravity/soil (geo)

- Temperature (thermo)

b) i) What are tactic responses?

- response in which whole organism or its motile parts move e. g. gamete

ii) What causes tactic responses?

- caused by unidirectional stimulus

- usually doesn’t involve growth

- response is either positive or negative

- named according to source of stimulus

- e.g phototaxis, aerotaxis, chemotaxis

iii) State the importance of tactic response to:

Members of kingdom protista

- move towards favorable environment/move away from unfavorable environment

- move towards their prey/food

Microscopic plants

- escape injurious stimuli/seek favorable habitats

iv) Name the type of response exhibited by:

Euglena when they swim towards the source of light

- phototaxis

- sperms when they swim towards the ovum

- chemotaxis

v) State the advantages of tactic responses to organisms

- to avoid unfavorable environment/injurious stimuli

- escape from predators

- to seek favorable environment

- to seek for food/prey

c) i) Define the term tropism

- growth movement of plants in response to external unilateral/unidirectional stimuli

ii) Explain the various types of tropism in plants

Phototropism

- growth movements of plant shoots in response to unilateral sources of light

- the tip of the shoots produce auxins down the shoot

- light causes auxins to migrate to outer side/darker side causing growth on the side away from light hence growth curvature towards source of light roots are negatively phototrophic

Geotropism

- response of roots/pans of a plant to the direction of force of gravity

- auxins grow towards the direction of force of gravity causing positive geotropism in roots while shoot grows away from force of gravity (negatively geotrophic)

Thimotropism/Haptotropism

- growth response of plant when in contact with an object

- contact with support causes migration of auxins to outer side causing faster growth on the side away from contact surface

- this causes tendrils/stem to twin around a support

Hydrotropism

- growth movement of roots in response to unilateral source of water/moisture

- the root grows towards the source of water/ positively hydrotropic while leaves are negatively hydrotropic

chemostropism

- growth movement of parts of plant to unilateral source of chemicals

- the chemicals form a gradient between two regions e.g. pollen tube growing towards the ovary through the style

iii) State the ways in which tropisms are important to plants

- expose leaves/shoots in positions for maximum absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis

- enables roots of plants to seek/look/search for water

- enables plant stems/tendrils to obtain mechanical support especially those that lack woody stems.

- enables roots to grow deep into the soil for anchorage

- enables pollen tube grow to embryo sac to facilitate fertilization

iv) Explain the differences between tropic and tactic responses

Tropism

-growth curvature in response

-slow

-influenced by hormones

Taxes

-locomotory response

-fast

-external influence

d) The diagram below represents growing seedlings which were subjected to unilateral light at the beginning of an experiment

i) State the results of P, Q and R after S days

- P will bend/grow towards light

- Q will remain straight/have little or no growth

- R will remain/grow straight/grow upwards

ii) Account for your results in (i) above

P- Growth substance/growth hormone/IAA/auxin are produced by the stem tip

- they move (downwards and get distributed) to the side away from light where they cause rapid/more growth/cell division/elongation that results in bending

Q- Source of auxin has been removed

R- The auxins cannot be affected by light because the tip has been covered

iii) If the tin foil were removed from the tip of seedling R, what results would be observed after two days

- it will bend/grow towards light

iv) State the expected results after 3 day is if the box were removed

- all seedlings will grow straight/upwards

e) In an experiment to investigate a certain aspect of plant response, a seedling was placed horizontally as shown in diagram I below. After seven days the appearance of the seedling was as shown in diagram 2

Account for the curvature of the shoot and root after the seven days

i) Shoot

- auxins accumulate on the lower side of the seedling due to gravity

- high concentration of auxins in shoot stimulates faster growth causing more elongation on the lower side than the upper side hence curvature occurs upwards

ii) Root

- the high concentration of auxins inhibits growth hence the upper side with less auxins grows faster than the lower side therefore the curvature occurs downwards

f) What is etiolation?

- phenomenon exhibited by plants when grown in darkness

- such plants are pale yellow due to absence of chlorophyll, have small leaves, long stems/hypocotyle and slender stems

- plants exhibit etiolation to reach light/obtain light

- this is a survival response

4. a) i) What is coordination in animals

- The linking together of all physiological activities that occur in the body so that they take place at the night time and in the correct place

ii) Name the main systems for coordination in animals

- Nervous system/sensory system

- Endocrine (hormonal system)

iii) List the components of the mammalian sensory system

- Central nervous system (CNS), brain & spinal cord

- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) cranial and spinal nerves

- Sense organs

- Autonomic nervous system (ANS) nerve fibers and ganglia

iv).Explain the terms receptors, conductors and effectors

- Receptors are structures that detect stimuli i.e. sense organs

- Conductors transmit impulses from receptors to effectors e. g. neurons

- Effectors are the responding parts e.g. muscles, glands

v) What are the functions of the central nervous system?

- provides a fast means of communication between receptors and effectors

- coordinates the activities of the body

vi) State the differences between somatic and autonomic systems of peripheral nervous system

- Somatic is concerned with controlling the conscious or voluntary actions of the body i.e. skin, bones, joints and skeletal muscles

- the autonomic (automatic) nervous system controls involuntary actions of internal organs, digestive system, blood vessels, cardiac muscles and glandular products.

b) i) What is a neurone?

ii) Name the parts of a typical neurone and state the functions of each part

i) Describe the structure and function of a motor neurone

ii) Describe the structure and of sensory neurone

iii) State structural differences between motor and sensory neurons

iv) Describe the structure and function of a relay neurone

c) State the function of the major parts of the human brain

i) Cerebrum

ii) Mid brain

i) Hind brain

a) i) What is reflex action?

ii) Describe a reflex action that will lead to the Withdrawal of a hand from a hot object

iii) Explain how an impulse is transmitted across the synapse (gap)

ii) Briefly describe the transmission of a nervous impulse across a neuro-muscular junction

iii) What are the functions of a synapse?

b) i) What is a conditioned reflex?

ii) Explain a conditioned reflex

iii) Compare a simple reflex action with a conditioned reflex

c) i) What are endocrine glands?

ii) State the functions of hormones in animals

iii) Name the main endocrine glands, their secretions and functions in the human body

Hormone:

Thyroxine

Function:

increases the rate of metabolism

Hormone:

Parathyroid hormone

Function:

regulates calcium and phosphate levels

Hormone:

growth hormone

Function:

regulates growth of the body

gonadotrophic hormone

Function:

stimulates the growth of male and female organs

lactogenic hormone (prolactine)

Function:

stimulates secretion of milk after child birth

thyrotropic hormone( TSH)

Function:

proper functioning of thyroid glands/thyroxine production

adrenocorthicotropic hormone (ACTH)

Function:

stimulate release of adrenal cortex hormone

oxytocine hormone

Function:

regulates blood pressure

stimulates smooth muscles

stimulates contraction of uterus during child birth

aids flow of milk from mammary glands

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Function:

causes maturition of egg in females

stimulates sperm production in male

Vasopressin (ADH) antidiuretic hormone

Function:

regulates water balance by kidney

adrenaline (epinephrine hormone)

Function:

for emergency

prepares body to cope up with stress

aldosterone hormone

Function:

maintain balance of salt and water in blood

cortisone hormone

Function:

break down the stored proteins to amino acids

aids in the break down of adipose tissue

regulates sugar levels in the blood

prevents inflammation

sex hormone

Function:

supplements sex hormones produced by gonads

promotes development of sexual characteristics

Hormone:

insulin

Function:

regulates levels of sugar in blood

enables liver to store sugars

glucagon

Function:

regulates levels of sugar in blood

Hormone:

oestrogen Function:

causes secondary sexual characteristics in female

prepares the uterus for pregnancy

progesterone Function:

growth of mucus lining of uterus

maintains the uterus during pregnancy

Hormone:

androgen testosterone

Function:

causes secondary sexual characteristics in male

Hormone:

gastrin

Function:

stimulates release of gastric juice

Hormone:

secretin

Function:

stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice

iv) Give the differences between nervous and endocrine (hormonal) communication

nervous

hormonal(endocrine)

v) State the effects of over secretion and under secretion of adrenaline and thyroxine in humans

g) i) Define the following terms

Drug

Drug abuse

ii) State the types of drugs, examples and side effects

Sedatives

Pain-killers

Hallucinogens

Stimulants

iii) State the general effects of drug abuse on human health

may cause poor health

h) i) List the special sense organs in mammals and the major function of each

- Eye for sight

- Ear for hearing and balance

- Nose for smell

- Skin for touch, temperature detection, pain detection

iii) How is the human eye adapted to its function?

iii) What is accommodation of the eye?

iv) Explain how an eye viewing a near object adjusts to viewing a far object

v) What changes occur in the eye if it changes from observing an object at a distance to one at a closer range?

- ciliary muscles contract

- Tension in suspensory ligaments reduces/relaxes slackens

- Lens bulges/thickens/increases curvature

- Radial muscles contract

- Circular muscles relax

- Size of pupil becomes large to allow in more light.

viii) State the changes which would take place in the eye if a person in a dark room had lights switched on

ix) Explain how the eye forms an image

x) Name the defects of the eye and state how they can be corrected

Short sight (Myopia)

Long sight (Hypermetropia)

near image is formed behind the retina but a distant one is correctly focused on the retina

Presbyopia

Squinting

Astigmatism

xi) State the advantages of having two eyes in human beings

i) What are the functions of the human ear?

iv) How are the structures of the human ear suited to perform the function of hearing?

iii) Explain how the structure of the human ear performs the function of balancing

sensory impulses are generated

iv) State what would happen if the auditory nerve was completely damaged

5. a) i) What is support?

ii) What is locomotion?

iii) State the importance of support systems in living organisms

iv) State the importance of locomotion in animals

b) i) Name the tissues in higher plants that provide mechanical support

ii) State the importance of support in plants

iii) Name the types of plant stems

iv) Name the tissues in plants that are strengthened with lignin

v) What makes young herbaceous plants remain upright?

vi) State the ways by which plants compensate for lack of ability to move from one place to another

c) i) Explain the Ways in which erect posture is maintained in a Weak herbaceous stem

- This is the function of turgidity and presence of collencyma

Cells take in water and become turgid

ii) Explain how support in plants is achieved

d) i) Give the reasons why support is necessary in animals

ii) Why is movement necessary in animals?

e) i) Name the organ used for support by animals

- Skeleton

ii) Name the different types of skeletons in animals, giving an example of an animal for each type of skeleton named

iii) State the difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton

iv) State the advantages of having an exoskeleton

v) Explain the importance of having an endoskeleton

f) i) Explain how a fish is adapted to living in Water

ii) Explain how a finned fish is adapted, to locomotion in Water

g) i) Name the main parts of the vertebral column giving the types of bones found in each part

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

hind limbs are connected to the pelvic girdle (hips)

ii) What are the vertebrae?

iii) State the functions of the vertebral column

iv) State the general characteristics of vertebrae

v) Name the bones of the vertebral column

- Cervical vertebra

— Thoracic vertebra

- Lumbar vertebra

- Sacral vertebra

- Caudal vertebra

vi) Describe how the various vertebrae are adapted to their functions

Bone:

skull

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

cervical region Atlas (first cervical)

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

axis (second cervical)

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

cervical (others) Structure:

Function:

Bone:

Thoracid

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

lumbar

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

sacral

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

Rib

Structure:

Function:

vii) Describe the bones that form the appendicular skeleton

Bone:

pectoral girdle (scapular shoulder bone)

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

Humerous

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

Ulna and radius

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

pelvic girdle (hip bone)

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

Femur

Structure:

Function:

Bone:

tibia and fibula

Structure:

Function:

6. a) What is a joint?

ii) State the functions of joints

iii) Name the main types of joints

iv) Give the features of movable joints

b) Describe the synovial joints

iv) Ball and socket

v) Hinge joint

vi) Pivot joint

c) i) What is synovial fluid?

ii) State the functions of synovial fluid

d) Explain the following terms

v) Ligament

vi) Cartilage

vii) Tendon

7. Muscles

e) i) What is a muscle?

ii) State the functions of muscles

f) Describe the structure and function of various types of muscles

i) skeletal muscles

ii) Involuntary muscles

organs, bladder, uterus, urinary tract, reproductive system, respiratory tract, ciliary body iris

iii) Cardiac muscles

g) Explain how muscles cause movement of the human arm

h) i) State the structural differences between skeletal muscles e.g. biceps and smooth muscles e.g. gut muscle

skeletal (biceps)

smooth muscles

ii) Name the cartilage found between the bones of the vertebral column

iv) What are the functions of the cartilage named in (d) ii) above

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KCSE Revision Notes Form 1 - Form 4 All Subjects

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