Home Science Form 2 Notes

Malaria

Malaria is caused by a parasite which is spread by the anopheles mosquito.

Typhoid

Typhoid is caused by a bacteria found in urine or faeces.

Cholera

Cholera is caused by a bacteria found in contaminated water and food.

Dysentery

Dysentery is caused by protozoa (amoeba) found in human faeces.

Scabies

Scabies is caused by mites found in places where there is poor personal hygiene.

Bilhazia

Bilhazia is caused by parasitic snails found in fresh water.

Ringworms

Ringworms are caused by fungi which affects the skin.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria which affects different parts of the body such as the lungs.

Introduction

Communicable diseases are those that are easily passed on from person to person or from host to person.

A host refers to a carrier of disease causing organisms (germs).

The common communicable diseases are:

Objectives

By the end of the lesson you should be able to:

- State the common communicable diseases.

- Identify causes of common communicable diseases.

- Mode of transmission of dysentery, typhoid and cholera

- One common transmission mode of dysentery, typhoid and cholera is through contaminated water.

Signs and symptoms

Prevention and Control of Dysentery, Cholera and Typhoid

- Practice proper disposal of human waste - Treat water for domestic use - Observe proper hygiene practices - Ensure regular medical checkups for food handlers

Scabies is a skin disease which manifests itself in form of rashes which form blisters and sores.

Itchy skin Rashes which form blisters and sores

This is a skin disease which manifests itself in form of whitish round rings) on the infected area.

Skin diseases

Some skin diseases are contracted through body contact, improper hygiene and by sharing personal items.

These include:

- Prevention and Control of Skin Diseases - Practice personal hygiene; - Avoid sharing personal items such as, combs, clothes and many others; - Disinfect / sterilize personal items occasionally; - Seek medical attention.

Laundry Work

Laundry work is the process of washing, drying, finishing and storing household articles and clothes so as to maintain their original state.

Washing Equipment

Washing Equipment includes, buckets, basins, a laundry brush, washing machines and boilers.

A large sufuria can be used as a boiler.

Drying Equipment

Drying Equipment includes, a clothes line, pegs, drying racks, clothes horse and various types of driers.

Finishing Equipment

Finishing Equipment includes irons, a calendaring machine, an ironing table or ironing board and a sleeve board.

Storage equipment

Storage Equipment includes chest of drawers and a wardrobe, which may either be fee standing or built-in, suitcases, wooden or metal boxes.

There is also improvised storage equipment which may include a carton box, a string for hanging items, nails on a wooden board on the wall, hooks on the wall, organizers or a clothes stand.

Laundry Equipment

For laundry work to be effectively done you need sufficient laundry equipment.

This include:

1. Washing equipment

2. Drying equipment

3. Finishing equipment

4. Storage equipment

Soap

Soap is made from natural products such as animal fat or vegetable oil and an alkali.

Soapless detergents

Soapless detergents are made purely from chemicals such as petroleum by-products.

Detergents

By the end of the lesson you should be able to distinguish between soaps and soapless detergents.

Forms of Detergents

Laundry Agents

These are substances other than soap that aid in laundry work.

They include:

Objectives

By the end of the lesson you should be able to:

- Identify laundry agents.

- State their uses.

- Sorting

Repairing

- Video clip showing a person fixing a hanging hem.

- Click on the PLAY button to view the video

Soaking/steeping

Video clip showing a person soaking a white cotton table cloth in cold plain water.

Washing

Video clip showing a person washing a white cotton table cloth.

Rinsing

Video clip showing a person rinsing a white cotton table cloth in cold plain water.

Drying

Video clip showing a person drying a white cotton table cloth on the clothes line using pegs.

Finishing

Video clip showing a person ironing a white cotton table cloth.

Airing

Video clip showing a person airing a white cotton table cloth.

Storage

Video clip showing a person storing a white cotton table cloth.

This can be done either by hanging or folding and then storing in a drawer.

Laundry Processes

These refers to the series of activities carried out in cleaning and maintenace of clothes.

The processes include:

- Sorting

- Repairing

- Soaking/steeping

- Rinsing

- Drying

- Finishing

- Storage

Laundering Various Articles

i. Tea-stained white cotton table cloth

ii. Fast coloured baby's cotton bed sheet

iii. Loose coloured lesso/khanga

iv. Knitted woollen sweater

v. Synthetic blouse

Describe how to launder different fabrics appropriately.

Describe how to carry out special treatment in laundry work.

Nutritional disorders are caused by insufficient or excess intake of a given nutrient(s).

Some of the nutritional disorders are:-

There are other nutritional disorders associated with lifestyles.

These include:-

Background Information

Definition of Terms

Food: This is any substance, liquid or solid that is taken into the body in order to maintain life and growth.Food Nutrients:

These are chemical components of food that serve a variety of functions in the body.

Nutrition: This is the process by which the body receives and uses the nutrients contained in food for different functions.

These include processes such as digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients in the body.

Balanced Diet: This is a meal that contains all the nutrients in the right proportions.

Malnutrition: This refers to inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients.

Classification of Nutrients

By the end of the topic, you should be able to:

i) Identify the common nutritional disorders.

ii) Identify nutritional disorders associated with life styles.

It is important for one to eat good quality food and in sufficient quantities in order to maintain good health.

Cause

Kwashiorkor is caused by lack of proteins in the diet.

It usually affects children below five (5) years who stop breast-feeding early and are weaned on foods lacking in proteins.

Signs and Symptoms

Hair is thin, scanty, brown and silky.

Swelling of the belly, face, hands and feet. When one presses the swollen part, the impression of the finger remains on the skin for a while.

The skin looks pale.

In extreme cases the skin peels and forms raw wounds.

Growth is retarded.

Child is dull and inactive.

Prevention

Marasmus

Marasmus is a deficiency disorder that is caused by total starvation over a period of time.

It can also be referred to as protein energy malnutrition caused by lack of all nutrients.

Marasmus is caused by total starvation, that is, lack of all nutrients.

Extreme loss of weight.

The person is skinny and may weigh half of the expected weight.

Hair may appear normal, but the head will look big in comparison to the rest of the body.

Eyes protrude and the person is generally alert or anxious.

The ribs can be clearly seen.

A child looks like an elderly person because the face is wrinkled.

There is no fat under the skin especially around the upper part of the arms, thighs, buttocks and belly which are wrinkled.

Eat adequate balanced meals. Ensure hygienic conditions

Food:

Background Information

Definition of Terms

Food: This is any substance, liquid or solid that is taken into the body in order to maintain life and growth.

Food Nutrients: These are chemical components of food that serve a variety of functions in the body.

Nutrition: This is the process by which the body receives and uses the nutrients contained in food for different functions.

These include processes such as digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients in the body.

Balanced Diet: This is a meal that contains all the nutrients in the right proportions.

Malnutrition: This refers to inadequate or excessive intake of nutrients.

Classification of Nutrients

By the end of the topic, you should be able to:

i) Identify the common nutritional disorders.

ii) Identify nutritional disorders associated with life styles.

It is important for one to eat good quality food and in sufficient quantities in order to maintain good health.

These are some terms that you may come across in this topic:

Kwashiorkor is caused by lack of proteins in the diet.

It usually affects children below five (5) years who stop breast-feeding early and are weaned on foods lacking in proteins.

Signs and Symptoms

Hair is thin, scanty, brown and silky.Swelling of the belly, face, hands and feet.

When one presses the swollen part, the impression of the finger remains on the skin for a while.

The skin looks pale.

In extreme cases the skin peels and forms raw wounds.

Growth is retarded.

Child is dull and inactive.

Prevention

- Breastfeed for as long as possible

- Wean on protein-rich foods such as milk, eggs, fish, legumes and tender meat.

Marasmus

Marasmus is a deficiency disorder that is caused by total starvation over a period of time.

It can also be referred to as protein energy malnutrition caused by lack of all nutrients.

Marasmus is caused by total starvation, that is, lack of all nutrients.

Extreme loss of weight.

The person is skinny and may weigh half of the expected weight.

Hair may appear normal, but the head will look big in comparison to the rest of the body.

Eyes protrude and the person is generally alert or anxious.

The ribs can be clearly seen.

A child looks like an elderly person because the face is wrinkled.

There is no fat under the skin especially around the upper part of the arms, thighs, buttocks and belly which are wrinkled.

Eat adequate balanced meals.

Ensure hygienic conditions so as to prevent worm infestation.

Scurvy is a nutritional disorder which is common among people who rarely eat fresh fruits and vegetables.

Scurvy is caused by lack of Vitamin C which is found in fresh fruits and vegetables.

Vitamin C maintains the health of body mucous membranes and makes them resistant to infections.

Eat foods rich in vitamin C such as citrus fruits, guavas and green leafy vegetables Goitre is characterized by swelling of the thyroid gland which is situated at the lower front part of the neck.

This disorder is caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet.

Causes

Rickets is a vitamin D, Calcium and Phosphorous deficiency disorder that mainly occurs in children.

Weakness of bones which is characterized by bow-legs or knock-knees.

Poor development of teeth.

Eat a diet rich in calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D.

Expose the body to sunshine.

Eat foods fortified with Vitamin D e.g. margarine.

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is the equivalent of rickets in adults.

Osteomalacia is caused by inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D and it mainly occurs in adults.

Bones soften, become distorted and fracture easily.

The legs, spine, thorax and pelvis are deformed.

Pain in the bones, legs and lower part of the back.

General weakness and difficulty in climbing stairs.

In severe cases, one experiences involuntary twitching of muscles especially those of the face and hands.

Prevention

- Increase intake of Calcium, Phosphorous and vitamin D.

- Eat foods fortified with vitamin D

- Expose the body to the sun.

- Gout is a disorder associated with affluent life style.

- Gout results from a high intake of roasted red meat and alcohol.

- Redness and swelling of affected joints.

- Very severe pain in the affected joints.

- Fever, lower back pain and vomiting.

Avoid too much roasted red meat and alcohol.

Take plenty of water.

Obesity

Obesity is a condition whereby one takes in excess calories than the body requires.

The excess calories are converted into fat and stored under the skin and around vital internal organs.

This condition is caused by:

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa is a psychological problem where someone gets a distorted image of oneself as being fat and unacceptable, hence refuses to eat at all.

Anorexia Nervosa is caused by refusal to take food leading to thinness.

It is common among teenagers and young women and it is fatal.

Overlaid Seam

Video clip showing the working of an overlaid seam.

This seam is also known as a lapped seam.

Double Stitched Seam

Video clip showing the working of a double stitched seam. This seam is also known as machine fell seam.

Open Seam

Video clip showing the working of an open seam.

It is popular as it is a base for most seams. It is fast to work and can be used on all areas of garment construction. Click on the

French Seam

The French seam is a strong inconspicuous seam suitable for fabrics that fray a lot.

A seam is used for joining two or more pieces of fabric together neatly and securely using stitches. Seams are divided into two:

Point the cursor on each of the categories to view the types of seams

By the end of the topic, you should be able to:

(i) Define a seam.

(ii) List commonly used seams.

(iii) Describe how to make the following seams:

- Body Measurements, Pattern Symbols and Markings

- Well fitting garments are as a result of accurately taken measurements.

This enhances one's appearance.

- Well Fitting Clothes

Body Measurements

Before drafting or buying a pattern, it is necessary to have accurate body measurements.

Ask someone to take your body measurements for accuracy and good fit.

Body measurements can be divided into two categories:

- Blouse/ Shirt measurements

- Skirt/ Trouser measurements

Objective

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to explain how to take body measurements accurately.

- Upper arm width

- This is taken round the fullest part of the arm.

Wrist measurement

This is measured around the wrist and two fingers are inserted for ease.

Bust

This is measured at the fullest part of the bust with the tape measure raised at the back and two fingers inserted at the front for ease

Waist

This is measured around the natural waist while inserting two fingers in the tape measure.

Hip Measurement

This is measured at the widest part of the hips with two fingers inserted in the tape measure.

Here the hand is placed on the waist and the measurement is taken from the shoulder to the elbow down to the wrist.

This is done to avoid discomfort at the elbow when the hand is folded.

Full length

This is measured from the shoulder to the desired length.

Skirt length

This is measured from the waist to the desired length.

Outer leg/trouser length

This is measured from the waist to the desired length on the side.

Inner leg/trouser length

This is measured from the crotch to the desired length on the inner side of the leg.

Crotch depth

This is taken when one is seated on a flat hard surface for accuracy.

It is measured from the waist to the surface of the seat.

Pattern Symbols And Markings

Pattern symbols and markings are used as a guide in garment construction.

Objectives

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Identify pattern symbols and markings.

State the use of pattern symbols and markings.

Pattern Symbols And Markings.

• Identify pattern symbols and markings.

• State the use of pattern symbols and markings.

Consumer Awareness

By the end of the lesson you should be able to define the terms consumer, goods, services and consumer education.

Shopping

The video clip shows a consumer purchasing goods in a supermarket.

Shoe shining

The video clip shows a service being rendered.

Sources of consumer awareness

Information on products and services can be obtained from various sources and also through various methods.

A consumer gets information from the following sources:

Informative

This type of advertising only informs the consumer of what products or services are available.

It may also enlighten consumers about new uses of products that they already know of.

Persuasive

This type of advertisement convinces the consumers to buy a particular good or service other than the one they are used to.

It tells the consumers that they really need the good or service and that they should buy it.

Competitive

This type of advertisement is common where two competitors are selling the same good or service.

It emphasizes that the goods or services of a particular company are of better quality than similar ones from another company.

KCSE Revision Notes Form 1 - Form 4 All Subjects

Scholarships in Australia » Scholarships in Austria » Scholarships in Belgium » Scholarships in Canada » Scholarships in Germany » Scholarships in Ireland » Scholarships in Italy » Scholarships in Japan » Scholarships in Korea » Scholarships in Netherlands » Scholarships in Switzerland » Scholarships in UK » Scholarships in USA

Home Science Form 2 Notes